Home Blog Page 165

Raila recreating his story in Babu Owino by supporting Governor Sakaja

By
-
0

By Anderson Ojwang                              

History could be unfolding to former Prime Minister  Raila Odinga over new leadership matrix in Nairobi county that is similar to what he witnessed during the demise of his father and chairman of Ford Kenya, the late Jaramogi Oginga Odinga.

Unlike, after his father death and the battle for the post of the party vice chairman, that pitted him against the believed Jaramogi heir apparent, then Ugenya MP James Orengo.

Currently, he has lit the political fire after he declared that he had left Nairobi county leaders hip in the hands of Governor Johnson Sakaja, a member of United Democratic Alliance (UDA) of President Willam Ruto.

To the dismay of Embakasi East MP Babu Owino and his Westland counterpart Mr. Tim Wanyonyi, who both are eying the Nairobi gubernatorial seat.

So, Raila has found himself in similar situation his father was in and by chance recreating Babu and providing him with the opportunity to follow his, Raila’s footsteps.

Babu and Raila share near political traits , which has defined their upward political trajectory and with the latter, exiting local political field, the former is likely to implement political strategies of former Langata MP.

Babu is a typical brand of Raila politics, both having horned their politics in Nairobi, abrasive, violent and go getters in the political field. Just like Raila, Babu is already drawing a fanatic support base similar to his mentor.

Speaking recently Raila declared that he had left Nairobi county in the safe hands of Governor Sakaja.

“ ODM, ODM I want Nairobi to remain intact. Where is my Boy. Let him take care of Nairobi. Let him work well for the people. Is thar not ok?.” He said.

Sakaja in return said “ we are together. Once we are done with prayers for Baba this week. In two weeks’ time, I would want to have a meeting with ODM women league and ODM Nairobi leaders.

Lets sit and consult. We will sit with the chairmen and accept me as one of your sons.

I am Raila’s  hand boy. The sign of rain is the cloud. We are together. You can see the signs of the future”Sakaja said.

But in his response Babu said “ On Governor Sakaja being favored by Raila Amolo Odinga. As I told you in a house a father can love one child more than the other.

But its quite unfortunate, that this child is from our house. This is a neighbor’s child. Who in 2007 was  a member of Kijana Na Kibaki and opposed Raila because he was in Kibaki team and did not vote for Raila.

In 2013, he was  the chairman of TNA, he did not vote for Baba, opposed Baba and therefore, did not want Baba to be president.

In 2017, he was in Jubilee, he opposed Baba and did not vote for Baba and wanted Uhuru to be the president.

In 2022, he was in UDA, he opposed Baba and did not vote for Baba and wanted Ruto to be the president.

So therefore, he is never wanted Baba, this is  not a person coming with clean hands. This is a person who does not love Baba. He has not sacrificed anything for Baba.

So even going to Ethiopia, are public relation exercises. So Baba, should  know better his children. He should know who love him like myself and deeply love him.

Sakaja has no future in politics , because Sakaja has destroyed his own future in politics. He was given an opportunity to work for Nairobians. He has messed it up.,” .

The first to oppose Raila’s support for Sakaja was his son Raila Odinga Junior who on his X Handle formerly twitter wrote “ Enyewe @ Babu Owino , bro relax niko na wewe (Brother Babu Owino relax I am with you).

But the move by Raila has drawn a mixed reaction by a section of Nyanza leaders terming it as unfortunate and outright move to deny the community to lead Nairobi county, now that the community is unlikely to present a presidential candidate in 2027 election.

In Nyanza, Babu is fast gaining political traction with the community viewing as a possible heir apparent to Raila in future political dispensation. He has been critical of the broad based government and is viewed as a one of the ardent critics of president William Ruto.

In 2024, survey by Infotrak showed Babu as the most popular MP with 72 approval percentage and was closely followed by Kiharu MP Ndindi Nyoro at 71 percent. The survey was conducted between October and December 2024, assessed MPs across all 47 counties, sampling 39,795 respondents.

This year, during thanks giving prayers for ODM national chairperson and Homa Bay governor Gladys Wanga, the public demanded that Babu address them.

The crowd temporarily paralyzed the function when they  demanded for Babu to be given opportunity to speak to them.

The event that was graced by immediate former ODM party .leader Raila Odinga, the interim Party leader Prof Anyang Nyong’o, National chairperson Gladys Wanga, cabinet Secretaries John Mbadi and Hassan Joho and various senators, Governors and members of parliament witnessed Babu’s bloodless coup.

Rarieda MP Otiende Amollo efforts to pacify the crowd was drown by chants Babu, Babu before Suba East MP Millie Odhiambo injected by saying “Let Babu speak to the people”. The crowd went wild and then silent.

Babu in his speech showed his support for Raila bid for the chairperson of African Union saying he was the best candidate.

Babu in a closing  shot and on the next political agenda said “ Na  Baba  aki saa enda  Na Baba aki saa enda  loosely translated (when Baba is , when  Baba is gone)  ” and did not complete the sentence as the jubilant crowd cheered on.

And the enraged Suna East MP Junet Mohammed who spoke at the function termed those eying Raila’s place as treason.

“Those people bringing irrelevant and useless discussion on Raila’s succession and inheriting his seat. I want to deliver a warning here in Homa Bay. That is an act of treason.. If  you talk of inheriting Raila’s seat, you will be beaten like none business,’’ he said.

Junet Maintained  that  Raila will remain their leader whether he is in Addis Ababa as the AU chair or in Kenya, 

“Our father is one, If you want small positions like that of Gladys Wanga or mine, which is the Director of Elections. You can go for that. But if you want to take Raila’s seat. We will pound you  like potato,” Junet said.

Babu has been traversing several parts of Nyanza in a bid to identify with the grassroots and this has caused disquiet in some sectors of the political class.

As clock tick, it is just a matter of time, that Babu may just find himself employing Raila’s strategy to claim the stake of Nyanza and Nairobi leadership.

Wanga ranked third in performance by infotrak

By
-
0

By Habil Onyango

Homa Bay Governor Gladys Wanga has been ranked the third-best performing governor in a new poll by the Infotrak survey report.

Wanga said the survey was a true reflection of her work after assuming office two and a half years ago.

“When we took over the leadership, we promised that Homa Bay would no longer be looked for at the bottom but ranked among the top-performing counties,” said Wanga.

Wanga was rated the best-performing female governor and the third-best-performing County CEO, achieving a 61 per cent rating.

In the 2024 ratings, Homa Bay County has also been ranked second among the best counties, just behind Murang’a County.

“These achievements have been realised due to commitment, dedication, and hard work among our staff,” she said.

Wanga promised to prioritise the health sector in her development agenda, a matter she says has seen significant improvement.

“You all remember how our health sector was on its deathbed when we took over. However, we have made drastic improvements that have truly changed the lives of our people, and we believe this sector has contributed to our high ratings in the survey,” she said.

According to the governor, her administration has improved staff welfare and motivation through promotions, confirmations, and maintaining industrial harmony.

She highlighted that sound healthcare financing and the operationalisation of Facility Improvement Financing (FIF) had been initiated, alongside infrastructural improvements in dispensaries and health centres, such as facility fencing, staff housing, and sanitation upgrades.

“We have also enhanced diagnostic services like MRI and CT scans and focused on expanding Homa Bay Teaching and Referral Hospital, with an ongoing Accident & Emergency Plaza,” she said.

Focus on Education

In just two years, Homa Bay County has successfully constructed 240 Early Childhood Development (ECD) classrooms using the Labour-Based model through the initiative dubbed Operation Ondoa Kaunda.

She explained that this innovative approach involved engaging local communities in identifying schools in need and utilising local artisans, suppliers, and management teams for construction.

“An impressive total of 160 classrooms were completed within a remarkable 90 days, setting a new record for efficiency and community-driven development,” said Wanga.

Additionally, Homa Bay County has implemented notable education support programmes such as the Fins to Swim initiative, which provides full scholarships for bright and needy students, benefiting 600 students.

“This comprehensive scholarship covers fees, supplies, transportation, and pocket money for the entire four-year duration of study, ensuring that deserving students have access to quality education without financial barriers,” she said.

The county has also launched the Fundi Mang’ula programme, which offers young people a second chance by granting them full scholarships to technical institutions and providing them with start-up toolkits to kick-start their careers and entrepreneurial ventures, empowering them to thrive and contribute to their communities.

“Homa Bay County has demonstrated commitment to supporting education through annual bursaries, with a substantial 215 million Kenyan Shillings distributed across all 40 wards to assist needy secondary school and college students.

This financial aid programme plays a critical role in enabling students to pursue higher education and achieve their academic goals, fostering a more prosperous and educated future for the county’s youth,” she said.

“So far, 600 individuals have benefited from the Fundi Mang’ula initiative, another 600 students are being sponsored under Fins to Swim, 240 new ECD classrooms have been constructed, and over 50,000 students have benefited from our bursary distribution,” said Wanga.

“Overall, these impactful initiatives and investments in education showcase Homa Bay County’s dedication to improving access to quality learning opportunities, promoting skill development, and empowering its residents to reach their full potential,” said Wanga.

“What I can tell our people is that we are on the right track. Under my leadership, Homa Bay will continue to rise,” she said.

Government Must Give Foreign or Mature Learners a Pathway in CBC, Starting with KJSEA 2025

By
-
0
Junior Secondary Schools

By Billy Mijungu

Kenya’s education system has undergone a significant transformation with the introduction of the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). While CBC emphasizes inclusivity and continuous assessment, a critical gap threatens to sideline a crucial group—mature learners seeking a second chance at education.

As the Kenya Junior Secondary Education Assessment (KJSEA) 2025 approaches, the government must act urgently to establish a structured pathway for mature learners. Those who already hold Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) or Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) qualifications must be granted automatic entry into Grade 9 without unnecessary obstacles.

Why This Matters

  1. Education is a Right, Not a Privilege

Article 43 of the Kenyan Constitution guarantees the right to education for all. Mature learners eager to re-enter the education system should not be locked out simply because they missed earlier assessments such as the Kenya Early Years Assessment (KEYA) at Grade 3 or the Kenya Primary School Education Assessment (KPSEA) at Grade 6—which were nonexistent during their schooling years.

  1. Recognizing Prior Learning

Individuals with KCPE and KCSE have already undergone formal assessments that prove their academic capabilities. It is illogical to require them to restart their education at lower levels. Granting them direct Grade 9 placement ensures fairness and efficiency, allowing them to progress based on their existing knowledge and competencies.

  1. Supporting Adult and Alternative Learners

Not all students follow a linear academic journey. Some left school due to financial hardships, early parenthood, or personal circumstances. Others have been part of informal education systems and now seek to transition into CBC. The government must create a seamless re-entry mechanism that supports lifelong learning and second-chance education.

Call to Action

The Ministry of Education and the Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC) must:

✅ Grant automatic Grade 9 placement for those with KCPE or KCSE qualifications.

✅ Introduce a Qualifying Test (QT) under KJSEA for mature learners without prior formal assessments.

✅ Develop a structured CBC pathway for alternative education learners, ensuring inclusivity.

✅ Ensure KCPE holders automatically qualify for Grade 9 class placement and KJSEA registration.

✅ Allow KCSE holders to be assessed under CBC, with or without class attendance.

Education should not be a one-chance opportunity. If CBC is truly competency-based, then mature learners deserve recognition and a fair transition. The government must act now, starting with KJSEA 2025, to ensure no willing learner is left behind.

The making of Wamunyoro, the birth of a new dynasty

By
-
0
H.E. William Ruto, C.G.H., President of the Republic of Kenya; H.E. Rigathi Gachagua, Vice President of the Republic of Kenya, Executive Vice President of the European Commission EVP Valdis Dombrovskis and Kenya’s CS for Investment and Trade H.E. Moses Kuria attend the official signing of the EU-Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement in State House, Nairobi, Kenya on June 19, 2023.

By Anderson Ojwang                     

The once sleepy and unknown village in Nyeri county on the slopes of Mt Kenya has woken from its slumber to become an emerging Centre of Power in Murima.

The Wamunyoro village is rewriting its story as one of the country’s most powerful villages, following the footsteps of other powerful villages in the country that have become synonymous with trapping of power.

Sixty-one years ago, a precedent was set. Just immediately after independence, Kenya witnessed the emergence of dynasties which became identified with the place of birth of the leaders.

The dynasties became synonymous with their villages. The politicians subsequently were identified by the name of their villages, which became the focal and Centre of power.

The village names gained political prominence regionally and nationally and they became a State House unto themselves.

Power and influence rotated and revolved around the village name and because of that, the villages became a point of reference and identification.

They gained the symbolism of power and often references are made to the village name instead of the individual.

At Independence, two villages gained prominence, that is Ichaweri in Gatundu South, the home of the founding father of the Nation, the late Mzee Jomo Kenyatta.

Ichaweri is a village in Kiambu county and is off the Thika superhighway, Kenyatta Road connects to Gatundu town passing through Ichaweri village.

The area is sparsely populated, with coffee farms and uncultivated tracts of land dotting the landscape, but as you travel deeper, villages such as Ichaweri appear. This village is 18km from the Thika superhighway, and while it is one of Kenya’s most well-known areas, the fame and fortunes differ sharply.

Ichaweri was a powerhouse for 24 years, but the shopping Centre reeks of neglect. The Kenyatta family’s home is a prominent landmark oozing power and prosperity on one side of the road, but a forlorn shopping Centre with few shops and no restaurant on the other.

Besides holding Cabinet meetings here, Jomo Kenyatta also received dignitaries in his rural home, including former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in 1964.

When Kenyatta died,  the village lost its trapping of power and for 24 years of President Daniel Moi’s rule, the name was a shadow.

But with the election, of immediate former President Uhuru Kenyatta, the fortunes of Ichaweri were revived and recently, Uhuru hosted President Ruto at his home. The first dynasty.

From Ichaweri, the home of the first vice President of Kenya the late Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga, Kango ka Jaramogi, also gained prominence and became another dynasty. Kango Ka Jaramogi became, the power base until Oginga died.

After the death of Oginga,  a power shift occurred and the Opoda village, former Prime Minister Raila Odinga’s home, became the Centre of power.

Local, national and international delegations including Foreign President visited Opoda. The name Opoda became a political power reference while Kango ka Jaramogi became a museum.

In Rift Valley, Moi, a dynasty turned Kabarak into a new Centre of power and went further to equip Kabarak to become a Centre of education excellence.

Kabarak, Moi’s home for the 24 years of his rule, was the altar of power in the country and delegations one after another visited the powerhouse.

Moi unlike his other fellow dynasties developed Kabarak and today it boasts Kabarak High School and Moi Kabarak University.

For Kenyatta, Oginga and Raila, the village is a stark reality of affluence and abject poverty.

Ahead of the 2022 general election, a new dynasty emerged in North Rift, Sugoi, home to Kenya’s fifth President William Ruto, became a new Centre of power.

Sugoi became Ruto’s cradle as he pursued his presidential ambition and delegation one after another visited Sugoi. Sugoi also entered into Kenya’s history as a dynasty and it is identified as a power base.

Currently, Kenyans are witnessing the birth of a new dynasty, this time, it is Wamunyoro, a village in Nyeri county. Nyeri was the home of the third President the late Mwai Kibaki.

However, Kibaki’s village of Othaya did not gain more prominence such as Ichaweri, Kango, Kabarak and Opoda because Kibaki identified mostly with the Muthaiga club.

The election and subsequent impeachment of Deputy President Rigathi Gachugua created a new dynasty and gave birth to the emergence of Wamunyoro village as a new power base.

When most people expected Rigathi to slide into political oblivion, he emerged as the Mt Kenya kingpin and new Centre of power in the Murima.

Currently, delegations one after another pay homage to Wamunyoro and his critics and admirers refer to him as Wamunyoro making the village gain prominence.

Rigathi left the comfort of the Deputy President’s official abode in Karen and quickly converted his Wamunyoro home into the new centre of power.

Rigathi meets dignitaries, plans his next move, welcomes defectors, issues directives and sketches out his political roadmap.

In his X handle, previously Twitter, Rigathi posts photos of delegations to Wamunyoro village.

“ This afternoon I received all goodwill delegation from Nakuru county led by Hon Jayne Kihara and including former NHIF CEO, Geoffrey Mwangi as well as Mr. Peter Mwangi Munyoroku. We discussed what ordinary  Kenyans in the country grassroots feel about the national and regional issues going on. How can we be of value in these ongoing conversations?

They also gave me their views on what they expect will be implemented from the consultations that have been going on. The consultation continue” he wrote.

In another post he wrote “ This morning, I met the delegation from Kirinyaga county led by senator  James Murango and Hon  Njeri Maina, women Representative Kirinyaga County.

Also present were MCAs and we discussed the local sentiment across Kirinyaga county and the expectations people there have on the current happenings.”

In another tweet he wrote” This morning, at our Wamunyoro residence, I had the privilege of having a candid discussion about the current state of our nation’s politics with a delegation of lawyers from Law Society of Kenya led by Wakili Steve Mbugua.

They brought with them a broad range of perspectives, from constitutional  law to human rights and how collectively we can uphold  and promote the fundamental rights and freedom of all people.”

Currently, Wamunyoro is a beehive of activities with delegations one after another, ranging from the church, professionals and politicians visiting Wamunyoro, the new power base in Mt Kenya.

Panic descends in Counties as Auditor General embarks on  payrolls Audit

By
-
0

By Anderson Ojwang 

Panic and anxiety have gripped the staff of 47 counties and the administrators following a move by the Office of Auditor General  (OAG) to undertake an in-depth payroll audit for the counties.

 In a circular to the County Secretary, Kisumu County dated December  17th 2024 captioned “In-depth payroll audit for the Kisumu Government” and signed by  Joyce Ndungu for the Auditor General said the audit will target three years from  2021-2022, 2022-2023 and 2023-2024.

The circular reads in parts “ The Office of Auditor General will be undertaking  an in-depth  audit  of the payrolls in all the 47 county governments for the three years, 2021-2022,2022-2023, 2023- 2024.

The purpose of this letter is to inform you that staff from this office will be undertaking the audit in your county from January 6th 2025. Kindly provide the required documents, information, and data as detailed in the attached annexure.”

Already tension and panic are emerging within the senior staff of the counties as some of them, directors, and chief officers were not recruited procedurally.

It was revealed the panic and anxiety in the county governments have been escalated by the decision of OAG to audit all payments outside the payroll after it emerged that several members of the staff are paid via vouchers and not payroll.

The move is seen as a move to weed ghost workers and tackle huge wage bills in the county government.

The list of required information by the team from OAG includes itemized budgets for staff costs for financial  2012/2022., 2022/2023 and 2023/2024.

Others include approved staff establishment as of 30 June 2022, 30 June 2023 and 30 June  2024,  applicable collective bargaining agreements (.CBA).

List of staff members for each department as of 30 June 2024, countersigned by the chief officers both hard and soft copies.

IPPD complement payrolls and bank remittance files for financial years  2022/2023/2022/2023/2023/2024.

All manual payrolls maintained for the financial years 2021/2022/2022/2023 and 2023/2024.

Payment vouchers for all salaries and allowances for both IPPD and Manual payrolls including remittance of all deductions.

Bank statements for payments of salaries and wages in 2021/2022, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 and statements of mobile money payments made to employees.

“Please note that the list is not exhaustive and additional information and documents may be required as we undertake the audit,” read the circular.

Sources revealed that panic and anxiety have descended in most of the counties following the move with some employees fearing job loss.

Time for Nyanza to embark on actual manufacturing instead of Political and Commercial International Investment Conferences 

By
-
0

By Anderson Ojwang

For eons, Nyanza has held several International Investment Conferences to spur economic growth but for the last five decades, no industries have come out from such fora.

The high profile and publicized conferences have turned out to serve both political and commercial interests instead triggering any meaningful economic dispensation for the region.

Various political groupings and county governments from the region have continued to hold multimillion international investment conferences one after another and the answer and solutions have all been paper based.

If anything, the textile industry died five decades ago, and the conferences have failed to resuscitate the Cotton industry that was the backbone of Nyanza Economy.

Currently, the Kisumu Cotton Mill (KICOMI) infrastructure lie delipidated, deplorable and in a sorry state, a symbolic representation of the ailing Nyanza economic status.

Nyanza has continued the flight of industrial investments from the region to Uganda and Tanzania, which offer favorable investment climate and this explains, why Kisumu that is the economic heart of Nyanza have least industrial institutions.

If anything, with the collapse of Kicomi, Kisumu has not witnessed any construction of a manufacturing industry in the region.

Nyanza has remained more of a consumer region of goods from other regions or imported into the country.

Although the city has a young and dynamic population, the unemployment rate among young people is about 40%.

Moreover, only 18% of the city’s households own a small or a medium-sized business. 

The Gross Value Added (GVA) per capita for Kisumu County is Sh. 165,456 with an average population growth of 3.38 per cent and overall poverty levels at 36.3 per cent.

The collapsed of the sugar industry worsened the grim economic situation in the region and left Nyanza in economic turmoil that the successive international conference failed to breath a new lease of life into.

The agricultural sector witnessed no meaningful investment while the fish sector, from the second world freshwater lake, is yet to have a fish processing factory in the region despite successive high profiled international conferences that have been held to attract investors into the region.

Respected Economist Dr Ochola Ogonda said there can never be development and growth without manufacturing industries and that is what Nyanza has lacked for decades.

”These conferences are not doing what will help Nyanza, Kenya and Africa achieve its economic objectives.

Ask yourself, are we exhibiting our locally produced goods or imported and final finished products? How is this going to spur our economic growth?

For us to witness development, we must exploit the abundant wealth and stop being an assembly package.

Nyanza has vast wealth in terms of minerals, fish, agriculture, human resource and yet we are yet to exploit these opportunities.

This is why we must have a different approach and make Nyanza and Kenya industrialized.

Why can’t Nyanza produce cloths, yet it has huge potential for cotton production, and why must we rely on second hands cloths?” said Dr Ogonda, former Director of United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa, one of the founder members of Preferential Trade Area- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

Dr Ogonda, who is also the Author of the book titled Minerals in African Under Development and Leadership and Economic crisis in Africa, said it was time to decolonize the mind and stop being in slavery but to become industrialized to become economically independent.

“I stopped attending the regional international conferences, because they are money making agenda outfits and has produced nothing in terms of development on the table. It is a waste of time. We know what we need, and we have the resources. Let us go manufacturing,” he said.

A resident Mr. Wilberforce Otieno said the conferences should prioritizes mindset change and sustainability.

“Not being around to attend, my biggest contribution would to be to urge both the conveners and attendees to target and prioritize the very foundation without which no amount of investment interventions, promotions, and congregations will yield any meaningful effect: That is MINDSET CHANGE and SUSTAINABILITY. 

Our people must be made to urgently recognize that only production, value addition, industry, resilience, and sustainability will guarantee a better future, beginning NOW. 

Production means that we must migrate from a mindset of dependency, consumption and benevolence to one which prioritizes earning something of value out of what we have, be it Soil, stones, sand, grass, water, skills, talents, energy and abilities.

Any income at the end of the day brings self-sufficiency closer home and with the ability to save, investment and wealth creation becomes possible and easy. 

Value addition means that whatever we have earmarked to produce, be it music, must capture the needs, wants, and aspirations of the end users in the most attractive, customer friendly and environmentally acceptable standard for the posterity and prosperity of the present and future generations.

Sustainability means that our people must be inspired and empowered to embrace and own investment wisdom, and consciously work to be part and parcel of the process, in a way that is sustainable and doesn’t displace the locals from the very investment progress they have been dreaming of, as they recede backwards to poverty in the opposite direction,” he said

Deputy Chief of Staff, in charge Performance Contracting Mr. Eliud Owalo observed that 61 years after independence, 40% of the population in Nyanza lives in abject poverty

Owalo who spoke during the just concluded Nyanza International Investment Conference said the region’s economic contribution paints a grim picture.

“Nyanza counties contribute just 9.3% to Kenya’s manufacturing sector compared to Nairobi County which accounts for 27.5% contribution to GDP.

On average in the 6 counties of Nyanza, agriculture is at 2.3% compared to other areas whose contribution is 7.6%.  

These numbers are more than statistics – they represent lives, they represent potential untapped, and they represent a future delayed.

Nyanza has the highest under-5 mortality rate in the country – 54 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to the national average of 41 deaths per 1,000 live births.

According to the Demographic and Health Survey Report 2022, Migori had the highest, 73 deaths per 1,000 live births, Siaya 63 deaths and Homa Bay 61 deaths,” he said.

He said the health infrastructure in Nyanza were inadequate in comparison to Kiambu County which boasts of 13 level 4 hospitals, while the entire six counties of Nyanza have just five. 

“Water access is another glaring challenge in Nyanza While 22.7% of households in Nairobi have piped water to the main house, in Nyamira and Kisii, it is a mere 0.9% and 1.01%, respectively.

Lake Victoria is an underutilized resource that could revolutionize the region’s economy. The lake should be a lifeline.

It should be an engine for economic growth. It should be our pride. With 14 million people in the Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) dependent on the lake for their livelihoods, we cannot afford to continue this disservice to ourselves,” he said.

Owalo said by modernizing processing plants, improving quality control, and expanding value-added products, the region can tap into global markets, contributing to economic growth and sustainable livelihoods for local communities.

“For decades, our fate has been dictated by the politics of the day. Our fortunes have risen and fallen at the whim of political shifts and turns, instead of being built on the solid foundation of economic progress driven by solid investments on the ground.

Our story does not have to continue like this.

The prosperity of Nyanza must be defined by economics and not only politics.

Whereas the National Policy Narrative has been that resources follow functions, the reality has previously been that resources follow voting patterns,” he said.

Incentive, Data and Tax Reduction is the Key to Unlocking Investment Opportunities in Kisumu County

By
-
0

By Dr.Edris N.Omondi (Advocate)

Email:attorneyedris@ywcg.org

Kisumu County, located on the shores of Lake Victoria, holds immense potential as an investment hub, particularly in sectors like tourism, manufacturing, and the emerging blue economy.

The recently concluded Nyanza International Investment Conference (2025) was a stamp in the right direction on already ongoing County Government of Kisumu Investment initiatives over the years under Governor Anyang Nyong’o.

Despite many opportunities, the region has faced several challenges that hinder investment, particularly in infrastructure, high costs of doing business, and insecurity.

For Kisumu to competently chart its way forwards and soar with the eagles, addressing these barriers is crucial to unlocking the county’s true economic potential.

Governor Nyong’o Lays the Foundation for Growth

With Kisumu County being a credit rated County, Governor Anyang’ Nyong’o has been a driving force behind Kisumu’s effort in improving its economic landscape from the inception of the County Governments, coordinating relentless efforts year-round amidst limited resources.

His leadership skills birthed the Kisumu International Investment Summit & Expo of 2021,with impeccable strides like, the ‘Marwa Health’ indigent health insurance scheme, that effectively brought on board 45,000 impecunious residence of Kisumu County, access health care without paying a penny!

Among other deals brokered was with, Med Aditus Pharmaceuticals Ltd, an American based Pharmaceutical plant that is in the process of putting up a Pharmaceutical processing plant of its kind in Kisumu, the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; SkyCat Drones, that up to date is delivering essential medicines and other urgent medical supplies to remote parts of the County using specialized drones; Makasembo Affordable Housing project resultant effect of an MOU signed with LAPFUND; Equity Bank Foundation to increase afforestation in Kisumu County among deals that were successful brokered.

 Further,  the 9th edition of the pan-African Summit of Local and Regional Governments that attracted 13,000 local and international delegates dubbed as Africities conference, has impactful infrastructure development in Kisumu among many more goodies being enjoyed by the town including agreements entered with organizations such as 01 Talent Africa SA  that committed to enhance talent and youth employment in the digital space.

The foundational blocks are in place, many more investment builders should take advantage of the just concluded Nyanza International Investment Conference (2025), building up for a better tomorrow. 

Harnessing Human Resources: Kisumu’s Greatest Asset

Kisumu’s human resources represent a tremendous asset for the county.

With educational institutions such as Maseno University and Kisumu Polytechnic, the county is home to a highly educated workforce.

However, despite this abundance of talent, unemployment and underemployment remain significant challenges, especially among the youth.

Many graduates lack the capital to start businesses or face limited job opportunities within the region.

To address this, Kisumu must invest in skills development programs and entrepreneurship grants.

By equipping local youth with the tools to succeed and providing businesses with incentives to hire and train locally, Kisumu can leverage its educated population to fuel economic growth.

In doing so, the county can become a hub for skilled labor, attracting investors who value a talented workforce.

The Blue Economy: Lake Victoria as an Investment Hub

Lake Victoria is not just a natural resource but a goldmine of untapped potential for Kisumu.

As the second-largest freshwater lake in the world, it presents a unique opportunity to drive the blue economy—a sector focused on the sustainable use of ocean and freshwater resources.

Kisumu’s lakefront is largely underutilized, despite the many opportunities it offers in fishing, aquaculture, eco-tourism, and water transport. With the right investment in infrastructure, Kisumu could become a global leader in eco-tourism, attracting tourists with activities such as boat cruises, cultural heritage sites, and fishing tours.

Additionally, sustainable fishing and aquaculture could provide jobs while helping to preserve the lake’s resources for future generations.

Solar Power: Harnessing the Sun for Sustainable Growth

Kisumu’s abundant sunshine makes it an ideal location for solar energy initiatives.

As energy costs continue to rise, solar power can offer a more sustainable and cost-effective solution for businesses and communities alike.

Solar energy could be particularly beneficial to manufacturing industries, offering an opportunity to lower electricity costs, increase sustainability, and reduce reliance on grid power.

Incentives such as tax breaks for solar investments or land grants for solar energy projects could help Kisumu tap into this growing industry.

By prioritizing solar energy, Kisumu could reduce its energy costs and position itself as a regional leader in renewable energy.

Addressing Insecurity: A Secure Environment is Crucial for Investment

A secure environment is a crucial incentive for any investor.

Unfortunately, insecurity remains a concern in certain parts of Kisumu, which could deter potential investors.

However, the county has made significant strides in improving safety and security under Governor Nyong’o’s leadership.

Ensuring that Kisumu remains a safe environment for businesses to thrive should continue to be a top priority.

Organizations such as the Centre for Prisons Reforms and Crime Prevention International are actively working within Kisumu County, to address crime and enhance community safety.

By collaborating with local law enforcement and community groups, these organizations are helping to foster a safer environment, which in turn encourages both local businesses and foreign investors to consider Kisumu as a viable business destination.

The ongoing efforts to improve security are a strong signal that Kisumu is taking the necessary steps to become a secure, stable environment for business growth.

A secure environment encourages local businesses to flourish and attracts both international and domestic investment.

The government can work with local security agencies to ensure that Kisumu remains peaceful, which in turn will make it a more attractive destination for companies looking to invest or re-invest in Kisumu County.

The High Cost of Doing Business in Kisumu

Despite Kisumu’s many opportunities, the cost of doing business need to be re-considered and analyzed by the County structure to attract formidable investment.

One of the main issues is electricity costs, which continue to hinder growth, especially for industries that rely heavily on energy, in the alternative solar energy can be reconsidered.

Transportation costs are another challenge, as the county’s road networks, and other infrastructure require substantial development.

Moreover, businesses in Kisumu face numerous taxes and levies from both the County and national governments, further adding to the cost of doing business.

Without a clear structure of incentives, these financial burdens discourage potential investors, no matter how good investment papers are on the table.

Depoliticization of Investment Opportunities: A Critical Step for Growth

Politicization of investment opportunities, competing political investment interests, can be a major stumbling block to ingenious investment opportunities, especially around our region.

When local political dynamics interfere with business decisions, it can result in missed opportunities and ultimately discourage potential investors.

The case of the Dominion Plant in Siaya is a prime example of how local politics did stifle a good investment project.

The Dominion Plant was a significant investment that had the potential to create hundreds of jobs and boost the local economy.

However, the project faced numerous political hurdles, including interference from local politicians who had competing interests.

As a result, the investment stalled, and the community lost out on a major opportunity for development.

This highlights the need for political stability and good governance to foster a conducive environment for business.

For Kisumu to thrive as an investment hub, politicians must prioritize long-term economic growth over short-term political gains.

Depoliticizing the investment process, ensuring transparency, and creating a stable environment where businesses can operate without fear of political interference is essential.

The Case for Incentives and Support

To unlock Kisumu’s full potential, the county government must create a more attractive business environment by offering incentives for investors. These could include:

1. Tax Breaks and Exemptions: Offering tax incentives to industries such as aquaculture, renewable energy, and eco-tourism would make Kisumu a more competitive investment destination.

2. Infrastructure Development: Investment in reliable energy sources and better transport infrastructure is essential. Public-private partnerships could help improve roads, water transport, and energy supply, making Kisumu more accessible for businesses.

3. Land Grants and Access to Resources: Kisumu could provide favorable terms for land acquisition, especially near the lakefront, where business opportunities are plentiful.

4. Human Resource Investment: Kisumu must provide programs that support skills development and youth entrepreneurship to connect the educated workforce with the jobs and businesses that need them.

Afridata: Providing the Data to Drive Investment Decisions

Kisumu-based data company Afridata plays a critical role in helping investors make informed decisions, dependent on data.

Afridata’s expertise in gathering and analyzing data on sectors like health, education, Crime inference, infrastructure, and energy is crucial for businesses looking to navigate the complexities of the Kisumu market.

Through data-driven insights, Afridata helps identify opportunities and challenges in key sectors, such as solar energy and the blue economy, empowering investors to make sound decisions.

Dependent on data is the way out for an informed investment opportunity.

Conclusion: Kisumu’s Time to Shine

Kisumu has all the ingredients for economic success—abundant natural resources, a skilled workforce, a strategic location on Lake Victoria, and ample sunlight for solar energy.

However, the county must take proactive steps to address its infrastructure challenges, reduce the cost of doing business, and offer clear incentives to investors and dependent on raw data for its futuristic progress.

By leveraging its strengths—human resources, renewable energy, and the blue economy—Kisumu can position itself as a leader in these growing sectors.

Governor Nyong’o’s efforts in organizing investment conferences like Africities and the Nyanza Investment Conference have laid the groundwork for the county’s future economic prosperity.

The time is now for Kisumu to attract the investment it needs to fuel sustainable growth and create jobs for its people.

However, to achieve this, the depoliticization of investments, fight against corruption, and commitment to creating a stable environment for businesses will be key to unlocking Kisumu’s full potential.

Raila Odinga’s Chairmanship of the AU: A Key Solution for Conflict Resolution in Africa

By
-
0
Former Prime minister Raila Odinga
Former Prime minister Raila Odinga

By Dr. Edris N. Omondi (Advocate)

Right Honourable Raila Odinga, the former Prime Minister of Kenya, is widely regarded as one of Africa’s most experienced and respected diplomats. His deep knowledge of conflict resolution, combined with his extensive political and diplomatic experience, makes him the best bet as the next chairperson of the African Union (AU). As the AU continues to face complex challenges, including the ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly in the North Kivu region, Odinga’s leadership would bring much-needed expertise and stability, a reason for the  Assembly of African Head of States and Governments elects and appoints him during their Session on the 15-16th of February 2025. His past diplomatic efforts, combined with the recently concluded diplomatic efforts in Tanzania that brought on board both the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the East African Community (EAC), illustrates why Odinga’s leadership would be instrumental in resolving such crises.

Raila Odinga: A Proven Diplomatic Leader

Raila Odinga’s reputation as a skilled negotiator and conflict mediator precedes him. One of his most significant diplomatic achievements came in 2008, when he helped broker peace during Kenya’s post-election violence, a time when ethnic divisions and political tensions threatened to tear the country apart. Through his leadership in the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation (KNDR) process, Odinga was able to work with his political adversaries, the Kenyan government, and international partners to create a unity government that restored stability.

His ability to negotiate peace in a volatile situation demonstrated his capacity to mediate complex issues and unite opposing sides for the common good. This experience would serve him well as Chair of the AU, particularly in addressing ongoing conflicts in Africa, such as the crisis in the DRC.

The Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly in the North Kivu region, has been one of Africa’s most persistent and devastating crises. For decades, local militias, foreign interventions, and unstable governance have led to a cycle of violence, displacement, and immense suffering for civilians. The city of Goma in North Kivu remains a key flashpoint, where the instability has undermined both security and development in the wider Great Lakes region.

Despite efforts from the United Nations, the African Union (AU), and regional bodies such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the conflict continues to rage. However, there have been recent diplomatic efforts to address the crisis, including the Tanzanian-led initiative that brought together the leadership of SADC and the EAC to create a more unified approach to solving the conflict.

Joint EAC-SADC Summit on 8th February 2025 Approach to Conflict Resolution

The Summit, Co-Chaired by His Excellency, Dr.William Samoei Ruto, President of the Republic of Kenya who is also the Chairperson of EAC and His Excellency, Dr. Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa, President of the Republic of Zimbabwe and also the Chairperson of SADC in Tanzania, stirred on finding a lasting solution to the conflict in the DRC. This collaboration marks a significant regional effort to address the DRC’s security challenges and build a coordinated diplomatic approach.

The initiative has seen the involvement of key African leaders who are committed to working together for the restoration of peace in the DRC. The consolidated efforts of these regional organizations aim to create a more sustainable peace process by ensuring that neighbouring countries play an active role in promoting peace and security.

The joint Summit that reaffirmed the critical role of both the Luanda and Nairobi processes, is proof enough that regional bodies can work effectively in finding long-term solutions to Africa’s security challenges, Africa for Africans. However, it is clear that a cohesive diplomatic strategy and strong leadership are essential to ensure that such initiatives lead to tangible outcomes. Raila Odinga’s experience in regional diplomacy and his proven track record of conflict mediation could significantly enhance these efforts, building on the foundation laid by the SADC and EAC collaboration.

Raila Odinga’s Leadership: A Perfect Fit for the AU

Given his longstanding commitment to peacebuilding and regional cooperation, Raila Odinga would bring invaluable experience and expertise to the African Union. His leadership style is characterized by inclusivity, collaboration, and a focus on long-term stability—qualities that would be instrumental in resolving conflicts like the one in the DRC.

Raila’s previous diplomatic successes, such as his role in facilitating the Sudanese peace process that led to the independence of South Sudan, demonstrate his ability to broker agreements in highly complex environments. His work with the United Nations and the African Union has positioned him as a respected figure in the international diplomatic community, with deep insights into the political and security challenges facing the continent.

Raila Odinga’s Potential Impact on the DRC Conflict

If Raila Odinga were to assume the position of AU Chair, he would build on the progress made by the Tanzanian-led initiative by ensuring that SADC and EAC remain committed to resolving the DRC conflict. His experience in conflict resolution and his understanding of African geopolitics would enable him to coordinate efforts between key regional players, ensuring that peacekeeping operations, humanitarian aid, and political negotiations are aligned.

Moreover, Odinga’s leadership could help expand the scope of the current peace process to include developmental initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of conflict, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of governance in conflict zones. By promoting sustainable economic development and humanitarian aid, he would tackle the underlying factors that fuel violence and instability in regions like North Kivu.

Strengthening the AU’s Role in African Conflict Resolution

Raila Odinga’s leadership at the AU would mark a shift toward more assertive and effective peacebuilding across the continent. His vast experience with international diplomacy, combined with his local knowledge of Africa’s political landscape, would enable him to strengthen the AU’s role in addressing conflicts and facilitating post-conflict reconstruction. His position as Chair of the AU would bring greater regional and international support to peace efforts in the DRC, including support for local peacekeepers, international sanctions on militias, and development assistance to stabilize conflict zones.

Additionally, Raila Odinga’s leadership would underscore the AU’s commitment to African-led solutions to African problems. By emphasizing regional cooperation and inclusive diplomacy, Odinga could transform the AU into a more powerful force for peace and security in Africa, building on the successes of initiatives like the recently concluded joint Summit in Tanzanian.

Conclusion: Raila Odinga—The Diplomatic Leader Africa Needs

Raila Odinga’s potential chairmanship at the African Union represents a unique opportunity to resolve ongoing conflicts in Africa, such as the crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo. His previous diplomatic successes and regional expertise position him as an ideal leader to help address Africa’s most pressing security challenges. The collaboration between SADC and EAC, in Tanzania, has already made strides in the DRC, and with Odinga’s leadership, the AU can build on this momentum to bring lasting peace to the region.

Through African-led solutions, regional diplomacy, and a focus on sustainable peace, Raila Odinga’s leadership at the AU would be a transformative force for the continent’s future—one where peace, prosperity, and cooperation are no longer the exception but the norm and as the former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan put it,” We must remember that peace is not just the absence of war. It is the presence of understanding, mutual respect, and cooperation.” The AU chairmanship requires a visionary and a man of great insight.

Parliament must have the last word on vetting for citizenship

By
-
0
Junior Secondary Schools

By Billy Mijungu

The removal of vetting for citizenship is a decision that carries significant implications for national security trust in identity documentation and the integrity of statehood itself.

While the announcement may seem like a move toward inclusivity it begins to dismantle a critical process that has long been in place to safeguard the nation from infiltration manipulation and security threats.

The President’s directive issued from the heart of Northern Kenya was made against a backdrop of escalating insecurity including the recent abduction of five chiefs by Al Shabaab.

It is a paradox that even as the nation tightens its security measures by restricting entry from Somalia and Libya it simultaneously loosens the internal processes that have long served as the first line of defence against those who seek to exploit our systems.

The President’s decision to ban Somalia and Libya from using Electronic Travel Authorization while granting other Africans the right to enter Kenya freely was a clear signal of the security concerns the country faces.

The fact that he addressed residents of Northern Kenya from a high-grade armoured vehicle only a day after the abduction of local leaders underscores the severity of the threat.

If even the head of state must take such extreme precautions in this region how can it be justified to remove a vetting process that ensures those seeking citizenship are properly scrutinized?

His own actions send a message of fear and caution yet the policy change suggests a dangerous contradiction.

Vetting did not exist without reason. It was a mechanism put in place to ensure that citizenship was granted to individuals with verifiable identities clear loyalties and an untainted history.

In a region plagued by cross-border movements of militant arms and illegal trade, it was an indispensable safeguard.

History has shown that states that lose control over their citizenship processes inevitably suffer the consequences in ways that extend beyond their borders.

The fear that Kenyan passports could one day be used to facilitate acts of terror in foreign lands is not unfounded.

Once a country’s identification documents lose credibility its citizens especially those from regions previously under scrutiny will find themselves facing suspicion and discrimination on a global scale.

It is often those who demand the removal of vetting who will suffer the most from its absence. The international community does not operate on goodwill alone.

Passports and national identity cards are not mere travel documents but representations of a country’s commitment to law order and due diligence.

The ranking of passports on the global stage is determined not just by diplomatic relations but by the level of trust a nation inspires in its ability to regulate who carries its documentation.

A sudden relaxation of security procedures will send a clear message to the world that Kenyan citizenship is now more accessible possibly to individuals whose affiliations and intentions are not properly vetted.

The repercussions will be swift with visa restrictions increased scrutiny at international borders and potential blacklisting of certain passport holders.

The argument that vetting is an oppressive tool does not hold when examined closely.

Vetting has always been conducted by local authorities and individuals from the very communities affected including chiefs elders intelligence officers and security personnel who understand the historical social and security dynamics of their regions. It is not an external imposition but a structured process aimed at ensuring that citizenship is granted on a legitimate and secure basis.

To remove it is to open floodgates that will be nearly impossible to close once exploited. Statehood is built on the foundation of controlled identity structured governance and the ability to distinguish between friend and foe.

When nations in the past have relaxed their vetting procedures under political or populist pressure the consequences have been severe.

Terror networks thrive on weak identification systems fraudulent citizenship claims and easy access to documentation that grants them unregulated movement.

The cost of reversing such damage is always exponentially higher than the cost of maintaining security measures in the first place.

It is not just about Northern Kenya nor is it about a particular community.

It is about national security and the credibility of the Kenyan state.

No Kenyan outside the affected regions is at ease with this decision and it would be a grave mistake to allow such a critical matter to be settled by executive pronouncement alone.

Parliament must have the final say.

If anything the vetting process ensures its documents retain their value and its citizens are protected from the far-reaching consequences of weakened national security.

The pursuit of inclusivity must never come at the expense of security for a nation that fails to protect its identity ultimately risks losing its sovereignty.

Negotiation rather than combat is what will help restore peace in Eastern

By
-
0

By OPCS PRESS SERVICE

Kenya has joined other East African Community and Southern African Development Community Member States in calling for cessation and ceasefire in the conflict prone eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

Kenya wants all stakeholders be brought to the negotiating table as part of facilitating return to normalcy in DRC.

Prime Cabinet Secretary Musalia Mudavadi has said the only way out is to shun endless combat and give dialogue a chance.

“Peace is not like instant coffee. You can not brew it. We have a golden moment as EAC and SADC to help the people of DRC.” Mudavadi told the ministerial meeting in Dar es Salaam over the conflict situation in Easten DRC.

He said embracing urgent peace initiatives will not only be essential for Eastern DRC but also for the two regions and Africa as a continent.

“As we seek a joint resolution following numerous earlier initiatives, we need to understand that insecurity and conflicts in one region can escalate and destabilise the whole world.” Mudavadi emphasized.

Mudavadi who is also the Foreign and Diaspora Affairs Cabinet Secretary regretted that the long-drawn conflict in the eastern region of DRC has and continues to claim millions of lives and displacing countless civilians; with children, women and persons with disabilities bearing the brunt.

A major risk he told the meeting is that the conflict continues to rapidly mutate into other forms of threats to human security and dignity such as sexual exploitation, abuse and gender-based violence as a mode of war, illicit exploitation and trafficking of natural resources, swelling war economy and erosion of state institutions and authority.

Mudavadi, who heads the EAC Foreign Ministers caucus, co-chaired the Friday meeting with his Zimbabwean counterpart, Prof Amon Murwira, who is the Zimbabwean Foreign Affairs and International Trade Minister and doubles as the Chairperson of SADC council of ministers.

This is ahead of Saturday’s Heads of State and Governments Summit, which will be attended by President William Ruto.

“This situation demands our immediate, collective, and sustained attention. In this way, we aim to respond in a timely manner to the immediate concerns of peace, humanitarianism, human security, and sustainable development.” he said.

Noting the urgency of the implementation of key recommendations that will arise from the joint regional meeting, the Prime CS said Kenya condemns the recent attacks on peace missions in DRC saying it was a stark affront to civility and a violation of the tenets of multilateral collective security.

Mudavadi said the pressing issue of the security situation in the DRC and its implications to regional and continental stability calls for action now rather than later.

“As we give dialogue a chance, there is need for all parties in the DRC to respect international law including the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and ensure the safety of diplomatic assets and personnel within the country, as well as uphold long-lasting legal and moral principles of respecting peace missions.” he noted.

Mudavadi reiterated that failure for the regional bloc to intervene and help DRC stabilize will soon plunge a fair part of the continent into insecurity and endless conflict.

“What is happening in DRC should prick our collective conscience to the view that insecurity in one part of the world ought to be considered as insecurity in the entire world and thus, all of us should collectively seek to address it.

This, indeed, is one of the cardinal points of our current joint meeting.” noted Mudavadi.

“This ministerial meeting and the Joint EAC-SADC Summit by the Heads of State and Government must therefore provide direction on the best way forward regarding peace and security in our sister country.” added Mudavadi.

Mudavadi explained that by helping restore peace and normalcy in the conflict prone regions in Africa will help the continent grow on an upward trajectory towards overcoming the existing menace of mercenaries and foreign fighters whose role is often inimical to the objectives of the African peace and security architecture.

He pointed out that EAC and SADC already have two significant peace initiatives, namely the AU-led Luanda process and the EAC-led Nairobi process.

These processes, he said, need to be harmonized and merged to eliminate overlapping elements and be managed jointly for effective results to be achieved.

“Such a joint approach will go a long way in eliminating the coordination challenges of multiple peace and security initiatives which in the long run could work at cross-purposes and hamper the effective implementation of peace approaches in Eastern DRC.

What we are looking for is not adversarial but a joint position that will yield impactful and practical results.” explained Mudavadi.

Mudavadi said the prosperity of the two regional blocs and individualstatess and governments largely depends on the security of DRC, saying cohesion of the regions will be advantageous to the citizens of all nations.

The conflict situation in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) pre-dates 1994 and has escalated overtime with several illegal armed groups, including the ADF, FDLR, LRA, and Red Tabara, continuing to operate in the Eastern DRC.

In 2012/13, 35, local armed groups were known to operate in eastern DRC and have since morphed into about 150 local armed groups with presences in the North and South Kivu provinces.

Reports show that over the last twenty-six years a number of interventions have been employed at various levels and have registered mixed results.

The various interventions undertaken have been at regional, continental, and United Nations levels.

ENDS

1...164165166...192Page 165 of 192